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The instigator of this case was Jeanne of Valois-Saint-Remy , who descended from his father the king of France Henri II and his mistress Nicole de Savigny. As a descendant of the Valois is officially certified by Hozier, genealogist of the king, it also touched a pension by Louis XVI.

But his childhood was the most miserable. Since Henry II, the line was dropped to the lowest. His father had married a farmer, he soon left a widow. Joan was sent to beg on the roads by his mother, asking “charity for a poor orphan in the blood of Valois. A charitable lady, the Marquise de Boulainvilliers good, surprised by this story, took the information and audits conducted, began the steps to get him a pension from the king, and he will give a good education in a convent near Montgeron.

In 1780, Jeanne married in Bar-sur-Aube, a young officer apparently very recommendable, Nicolas de la Motte, who serves in the body guards of the Comte d’Artois, the king’s second brother. The household, shortly afterwards, on his own authority issues the title of Count and Countess de la Motte. Joan is no longer called that now Comtesse de la Motte-Valois. At that time, she made a trip to Saverne , to join Ms. Boulainvilliers who presented him with his friend Cardinal Louis de Rohan-Guemenee , to whom she appealed for financially out of poverty with which it continues to struggle more or less then becomes his mistress. This is also where she met the magician Joseph Balsamo , who called himself Count Cagliostro. It also revolves around the Cardinal de Rohan, in him withdrawing money in exchange for so-called miracles. As an alchemist, he would change, among others, lead and silica in gold, diamond!

Taking advantage of what Versailles is widely accessible to the public, Madame de La Motte tries to mingle with the Court. She manages to convince the cardinal that she met Queen Marie Antoinette and she even became an intimate friend. And the lover of Madame de la Motte, Marc Retaux de Villette (a friend of her husband), having a useful talent for forgery, writing perfect imitation of the queen. So he directed for his master false letters signed Marie Antoinette of France (then signed it, of course, Marie Antoinette, the queen of France, only sign their name and in any event, Mary Antoinette was not in France but Lorraine Austria …). The countess will thus maintain a false match, which she is the messenger between the queen and Cardinal that would seek to reconcile them.

The Queen and the Cardinal have, in fact, an old dispute: in 1773 the cardinal, who was then ambassador of France in Vienna, had noticed that the Empress Maria Theresa , mother of Marie Antoinette, played a double game and was preparing to hand in the dismantling of Poland, along with Prussia and Russia. He had written a letter to Louis XV to warn, letter that had been hijacked by the Duke d’Aguillon, Minister of Foreign Affairs, who had surrendered to the Countess du Barry , mistress of Louis XV, detested by Mary Antoinette. The countess had read publicly at a dinner, and aggravating, the tone of this letter was ironic and very disrespectful to the Empress (pictured including the Cardinal, “holding in one hand a tissue to wipe the tears that She poured about the dismantling of Poland, and the other hand a knife to cut the pie “and ready to Marie Antoinette fickle nature).

On the other hand, the dissolute life of the Cardinal in Vienna, spending sprees, his mistresses displayed his lavish hunting parties held in secular, had scandalized the pious Maria Theresa horrified to see a representative of the Most Christian King and especially a Prince of the Church behave this way. He had even seen one day off a horse procession of Corpus Christi. The Empress asked Versailles recalling the ambassador unsuitable and had obtained.

Since these episodes, the queen, faithful to the memory of his mother, was more than cool with the cardinal. The latter despaired of this hostility. Countess de la Motte had hoped the Cardinal back in favor with the sovereign. Having a great need of money, she began by eliciting the name of the queen 60 000 pounds (in two installments), he was too happy to give while the Countess provided him with false letters grateful, more more caring, Queen, announcing the desired reconciliation, while rejecting indefinitely successive appointments requested by the Cardinal to make sure.

But the Count de la Motte very opportunely discovered that a prostitute, Nicole Oliva, operating at the Palais Royal, has earned a fine reputation due to his striking resemblance to Marie Antoinette. His clients have also called the little queen. After she was paid to sell her charms to Nicolas de la Motte and Marc Retaux Villette, Madame de La Motte receives and satisfies the kindly, generous sum cons, playing the role of a great lady in receiving sneak a friend in order to play a round.

On August 11, 1784, Cardinal is therefore finally confirm an appointment at the Grove of Venus at eleven o’clock in the evening. Here, Nicole Oliva, disguised as Marie Antoinette, his face wrapped in a gossamer, greets him with a rose and a whispered “You know what that means. You can expect that the past will be forgotten. ” Before the Cardinal can continue the conversation, Madame de La Motte appears, indicating that the countess of Provence and Artois, beautiful sister of the queen are getting close. This setback, invented by Madame de La Motte, shortens maintenance. The next day the cardinal received a letter from the “queen”, lamenting the brevity of the encounter. Cardinal is finally conquered, its recognition and blind faith in the Countess de la Motte become more steadfast than ever.

So far, the Comtesse de la Motte was limited, we can see, the abuse of trust rather small. But now all-powerful on the mind of the cardinal, and playing on the reputation of the queen’s passion for jewelry, Madame de La Motte will take the blow of his life, this time ripping the Cardinal for the fabulous sum of £ 1.6 million .

On 28 December 1784 , introducing himself as a close friend of the queen, she meets Bassange Boehmer and jewelers who showed him the necklace of 2,840 carats they want to sell quickly because they are indebted for the form . Immediately she devises a plan to enter in his possession. She said the jeweler that it will intervene to persuade the queen to buy jewelry, but through a nominee. In fact, Cardinal de Rohan soon received another letter, also signed “Marie-Antoinette of France” , which explains that the queen can not afford to acquire open the jewel, it makes him ask him be pimping, pledging to repay in installments spread over time – four installments of 400,000 pounds – and giving him full powers in this case.

In addition, the countess was spared the complicity of Cagliostro , whose cardinal is fanatic (he will even say “Cagliostro is God himself!”). Before the cardinal, the magician made a child medium announce an oracle revealing the most fabulous suites for the prelate if appropriate for this case: the recognition of the Queen will know no bounds, the favors will rain down upon the head of Cardinal, the Queen will appoint the prime minister by the king. On February 1, 1785 , convinced the cardinal sign four bills and gets to deliver the jewel that will carry the same evening at Madame de La Motte at Versailles. Before him, it sends an alleged footman wearing the livery of the Queen (who is none other than Retaux Villette). For supporting this negotiation, the intriguing benefit even gifts of jewelry.

Immediately the crooks have deserted the collar awkwardly spoiling the precious stones and started to sell the stones. Retaux de Villette had some trouble negotiating his. Their quality is such, and, pressed for time, if he negotiates below their value, as diamond Jews suspect the result of theft and denounce. He manages to prove his good faith and moved to Brussels to sell what remains. The Comte de la Motte from his side to offer the finest diamonds in two English jewelers in London. These, for the same reasons as their fellow Jews, smell the dirty trick. They send an emissary to Paris, but no theft of jewelry from this value being known, they buy them, reassured. The last stones are sold to London .

Meanwhile, the first payment is expected by the jeweler and the Cardinal for August 1. However, the artisan and the prelate were surprised to note that in the meantime, the queen does not wear the necklace. Madame de La Motte assures them a great opportunity has not yet presented, and by then, if they are talking about the necklace, they must meet it was sold to the Sultan of Constantinople. In July, however, the first deadline approaching, the time has come for the countess to save time. She asked the cardinal to find lenders to help the queen to repay. It would, indeed, hard to find 400,000 pounds it owes to the deadline. But the jeweler will precipitate the denouement . Having got wind of payment difficulties ahead, he went directly to the first maid of Marie Antoinette, Madame Campan, and discusses the matter with her. It naturally falls from the clouds and will immediately report to the Queen talks with Boehmer. Marie-Antoinette, to whom the case is incomprehensible, loads the Baron de Breteuil , minister of the king’s house , pulling things out. The Baron de Breteuil is an enemy of the Cardinal de Rohan. Discovering the fraud in which the Cardinal is involved, he rubs his hands, and looks to give all possible publicity.

The alleged countess, feeling suspicion has since managed to get the Cardinal a first payment of 35,000 pounds, with 300 000 pounds she has gained from the sale of the necklace and she has already served to buy a manor. But this installment, also ridiculous, is now useless. The case will erupt in the eyes of the Court amazed. King is accused on Aug. 14. On 15 August, while the Cardinal – who is also Grand Almoner of France – is about to celebrate Mass with great fanfare the Assumption in the chapel of Versailles, he was summoned in the apartments of the king who is assisted by three of his ministers. He sees himself summoned to explain the case against him. The prelate is appalled naive to understand that he was deceived from the outset by the Countess de la Motte. He sends for the letters of “Queen.” King explodes: “How a prince of the house of Rohan, Grand Almoner of France, he believed for a moment to correspondence signed Marie-Antoinette of France! . The Queen added: “And how could you believe that I, who’ve not spoken for 15 years, I could talk to you for a case of this nature? . The cardinal is trying to explain. “My cousin, I warn you that you will be arrested. “Said the king. The cardinal begged the king to spare him this humiliation, he invokes the dignity of the church, the memory of his cousin the Countess de Marsan who brought Louis XVI. The king is definitely shaken by the call for clemency, but resumed before the tears of the Queen. He turns to the cardinal: “I do what I do, and as king and as husband. Exit. “(See Funck-Brentano, op. Cit.)

The Cardinal left the King’s cabinet and returns, staggering and “pale as death, in the Hall of Mirrors. When the cardinal seems, Baron de Breteuil launches: “Let’s stop Cardinal! . The amazement and scandal are enormous.

The cardinal was imprisoned in the Bastille . He immediately begins to repay the amount by selling its own assets, including its castle Coupvray (at the end of the nineteenth century, the descendants of his heirs continue to repay the descendants sporadically in portions of the jeweler). Countess de la Motte was arrested, her husband fled to London with the latest diamond Retaux Villette already in Switzerland . It also calls Cagliostro and Nicole Oliva.

The king leaves the choice to the cardinal of the court which will have to decide on his case: either rely directly on the ruling king, or be brought before the Parliament of Paris . This is very clumsy on the part of Louis XVI, Cardinal decided to put the matter in the hands of Parliament, which is always more or less in rebellion against royal authority.

May 22, 1786 , the trial opens before Parliament, which makes 30 its verdict. The cardinal was acquitted. The alleged Countess de la Motte, she is sentenced to prison for life at the Salpetriere , after being whipped and branded with red on the shoulders of the “V” for “thief” (she will struggle as one the “V” is finally applied to the breast). Her husband was sentenced to the galleys for life imprisonment in absentia, and Retaux de Villette was banished. Finally, Nicole Oliva was acquitting the defendant, after imprisoning Cagliostro then supported by Jacques Duval Epremesnil, defended by the brilliant lawyer Jean-Charles Thilorier, was soon expelled from France (1786).

Marie Antoinette is an utter humiliation. It takes the acquittal of the cardinal as a snub. From the judges, this acquittal means that one can not be blamed for believing the cardinal that the queen sent her love notes, gave him the trysts in the park of Versailles, and purchased by the pharaonic jewelry through front men in hiding from the king. It was understood that such antics would have been nothing improbable from the queen. And it is in this spirit that the decision was made, and took in the view.

The queen therefore obtained the king to exile the Cardinal de Rohan at the Abbey of Chaise-Dieu , one of the abbeys in commendation of the cardinal, after having resigned from his position as Grand Chaplain. He stayed for three months in this monastery, after which he will go on to greener pastures at Marmoutier Abbey near Tours. It was only after three years, 17 March 1788 , the King will allow him to regain his diocese of Strasbourg.

involved in a case of wrong! That of mud on the stock and the scepter! What a triumph for the ideas of liberty, “…

Although Marie Antoinette was, from one end to another, totally unrelated to this whole thing (the historian Evelyne Lever , however, suggests that the Countess de la Motte-Valois, who came to his court, would have alerted Queen not on the scam of the collar but the scene of the Grove), the public would not believe in the innocence of the queen. Long been accused of participating, by its excessive spending, the budget deficit in the kingdom, on this occasion it suffered a spate of unprecedented opprobrium. The pamphleteers left free rein to the calumnies of the pamphlets in which the queen of diamonds was offering a reward for his love affair with the Cardinal. Worse, Ms. de la Motte, managed to escape from La Salpetriere, London publishes a story in which she recounts her affair with Marie Antoinette, the complicity of it since the beginning of the case and until its intervention in the escape.

As he threw discredit on the Court in a very hostile view already, this scandal will indirectly share responsibility in the fall of the monarchy and four years later in the outbreak of the Revolution. “This event fills me with horror,” wrote Goethe in his correspondence, “as would the head of Medusa.” Soon after, he added: “These plots destroyed the royal dignity. Also the story of the necklace as she immediately preface of the Revolution. It is the foundation … “(See The Grand Copt (1790), part inspired by Goethe’s story of Cagliostro).

It also inspired the novel The Queen’s Necklace to Alexandre Dumas and gave rise to a film of Marcel L’Herbier . Sacha Guitry also narrates the episode If Versailles Were Told …

Arsene Lupin child is staged in the news of Maurice Leblanc ‘s Necklace Queen (later published in book Arsene Lupin Gentleman Burglar ).
The Affair of the Necklace , Cartoon Blake and Mortimer ( 1967 ), based on the assumption that the reappearance of the collar in the modern era.
Facts and figures in the affair of the necklace shown in the cartoon -like Japanese manga recounting the life of Marie Antoinette, The Rose of Versailles , and its adaptations in series anime , Lady Oscar , and cinema, the film Lady Oscar directed by Jacques Demy .

Alain Boulaire, The Rohan, ed. History France Empire, 2001 185-241.
Lamotte-Valois, Affair of the Necklace, unpublished memoirs of the Comte de Lamotte-Valois on his life and his time (1754-1830), published from the autograph with a preliminary historical, documentary evidence and notes by Louis Lacour Paris, Poulet-Malassis Broise and De, 1858.
Frantz Funck-Brentano , The Affair of the Necklace, according to new documents obtained in part A. Begis, Paris, 1901.
Evelyne Lever, Marie Antoinette, Fayard, 1991.
Evelyne Lever, The Affair of the Necklace, Fayard, 2004.
Madame Campan, Memoirs on the privacy of Marie Antoinette, Baldwin, 1823.
Jean-Claude Fauveau, Cardinal Prince Louis de Rohan-Guéméné or diamond king, L’Harmattan. 2007.